Which of the following are negative outcomes associated with groupthink?

The choice of seeking only information that supports pre-existing positions is a negative outcome associated with groupthink because it reflects a failure in critical thinking and decision-making processes within a group. When groupthink occurs, members may conform to the dominant viewpoint and neglect dissenting opinions or alternative solutions. This phenomenon leads to a suppression of individuality and critical analysis, ultimately resulting in decisions that are not well-informed or balanced.

By focusing solely on information that aligns with existing beliefs, groups may overlook critical data, alternative strategies, or potential risks that could affect their outcomes. This cognitive bias reinforces the group's existing assumptions and diminishes the quality of decision-making, leading to potentially poor or ineffective solutions.

In contrast, encouraging diverse opinions, implementing contingency plans, and conducting thorough examinations of ideas are approaches that counteract groupthink and promote healthy group dynamics, critical analysis, and comprehensive decision-making.